Electrolysis is an electrically-powered chemical reaction that has a wide range of applications, both in the laboratory and in industrial settings.
Many chemical manufacturing companies use electrolysis, and in this article, we’ll cover its underlying concepts, common applications, and safety concerns.
In this post:
Key Takeaways
Electrolysis is a non-spontaneous type of oxidation-reduction reaction
The basic setup of electrolysis involves an anode and cathode immersed in an electrolyte
An oxidation reaction (losing electrons) occurs in the anode, while a reduction reaction (gaining electrons) occurs in the cathode
Electrolysis can be used in various applications, such as electroplating and extraction of gases from water
There are safety precautions that should be observed, including preventing electrocution
Some environmental issues should be addressed, especially in industrial-scale electrolysis
Understanding the Basics of Electrolysis
Electrolysis is a non-spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction. It involves an electrical DC power source that induces the redox reaction in electrodes, which are immersed in an electrolyte solution.
Electrons move from the anode (the positive electrode) to the cathode (the negative electrode). This means that the oxidation reaction, which is the loss of electrons, happens in the anode. Meanwhile, the reduction reaction, which is the gain of electrons, happens in the cathode.
Various types of electrolyte solutions and electrodes can be used in an electrolysis, depending on the purpose. However, there will always be some “waste products” even if you intend only to extract certain substances such as hydrogen and oxygen.
For example, in the electrolysis of water to split it into hydrogen and oxygen, some unwanted chemicals may form in the solution. If you use table salt (sodium chloride) electrolyte solution, for instance, sodium hydroxide is formed from the positively charged sodium ions and the negatively charged hydroxide ions.
Definition of Electrolysis
In chemistry and in industries, electrolysis is defined as the use of direct current (DC) electrical power to induce a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, specifically an oxidation-reduction reaction. It involves electrodes, an electrolyte solution, and electrical power source.
Common Applications of Electrolysis
Electrolysis is commonly used in various industrial applications, particularly involving metals and metallurgy. This is not surprising considering the electrical conductivity of metals, which also form salts that are also electrically conductive.
Here are some of the common applications of electrolysis:
- Electroplating with metals – this is common in the jewellery industry where inexpensive metals like brass and steel are gold plated. It’s also used in protecting metals in the automotive industry, such as chrome-plating vehicle components.
- Electrorefining of metals – precious metals such as gold and silver can be made more pure through electrolysis. Similarly, other important metals such as copper can also be purified in this way.
- Extraction of metals – metals are usually extracted from mineral ores through heating and using solvents. However, extracting metals from compounds can also be done through electrolysis.
- Electrolytic reduction of metals from their compounds – metals can be extracted from their compounds either directly through electrolysis or through several steps. For example, the shiny black crystals of silver (III) oxide (Ag2O3) clathrate can be reduced from silver nitrate, and can then be further processed to extract the silver.
- Metal cleaning – rust or oxidation from metal surfaces can be reduced via electrolysis process.
Electrolysis in Daily Life
Aside from industrial and laboratory applications, there are also applications of electrolysis in daily life.
One of these is the permanent removal of body hair for aesthetic purposes. Hair follicles can be destroyed by inserting electrodes under the skin and applying electricity.
Benefits of Electrolysis
The biggest benefits of electrolysis are in the large-scale applications in industry, as we mentioned previously.
Electrolysis is used in producing bespoke chemical solutions and other products, and is also a step in energy production. During this process, large amounts of hydrogen can be extracted from water through the electrolysis process, and can then be used as fuel.
The process also has dermatological applications in the removal of unwanted hair, warts, and moles. Electrolysis can also be used to stop the bleeding of small blood vessels through electrocautery.
Negatives of Electrolysis
The primary concern about using electrolysis on an industrial scale is its environmental impact. It produces pollutants and consumes large amounts of energy – more on this below.
Safety Concerns Surrounding Electrolysis
The main safety concerns about electrolysis, especially on an industrial scale, include both personal safety and environmental issues.
In an industrial setting, it can potentially cause electrocution, injuries due to heat or corrosive chemicals produced, and possible toxicity.
Meanwhile, unwanted byproducts can exacerbate pollution. Also, the energy needed in industrial scale electrolysis is very large, which contributes to your overall carbon footprint.
Electrolysis Safety Precautions
Companies have safety protocols that should be followed during the electrolysis process, such as wearing protective clothing. Proper steps and safety procedures must be carefully followed, such as when electroplating metals.
Conclusion
Electrolysis is a type of chemical reaction that is induced by the flow of electrical energy. The power source produces direct current electricity. During the process, at least two electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte solution. These electrons move from the anode to the cathode. An oxidation reaction takes place in the anode, and a reduction reaction takes place in the cathode. Electrolysis has a wide range of applications. These include industrial, dermatological, and medical applications. The setup may vary in size, purpose, and design, but the same basic principles apply.